Ingabe Izinga Lokushisa Liyakuthinta Ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kanye neThermal?

Ezogesii-conductivyumi njengoipharamitha eyisisekeloku-physics, chemistry, nobunjiniyela besimanje, okubambe iqhaza elibalulekile emikhakheni eminingi,kusukela ekukhiqizeni umthamo omkhulu kuya kuma-microelectronics anembile kakhulu. Ukubaluleka kwayo okubalulekile kubangelwa ukuhlobana kwayo okuqondile nokusebenza, ukusebenza kahle, nokuthembeka kwezinhlelo eziningi zikagesi nezishisayo.

Lokhu kuchazwa okuningiliziwe kusebenza njengomhlahlandlela ophelele wokuqonda ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathiconductivity kagesi (σ), conductivity thermal(k), kanye nezinga lokushisa (T). Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizohlola ngendlela ehlelekile indlela yokuziphatha kwamakilasi ahlukahlukene wezinto ezibonakalayo, kusukela kuma-conductor avamile kuya kuma-semiconductors akhethekile nama-insulators, njengesiliva, igolide, ithusi, insimbi, izixazululo, nerabha, okuvala igebe phakathi kolwazi lwethiyori kanye nezicelo zezimboni zomhlaba wangempela.

Lapho usuqedile lokhu kufunda, uzohlonyiswa ngokuqonda okuqinile, okunama-nuancedkweiukuhlobana kwezinga lokushisa, i-conductivity, nokushisa.

Okuqukethwe:

1. Ingabe izinga lokushisa liyathinta ukuqhutshwa kukagesi?

2. Ingabe izinga lokushisa liyathinta ukuqhutshwa kokushisa?

3. Ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-conductivity kagesi ne-thermal

4. Conductivity vs chloride: umehluko omkhulu

I. Ingabe izinga lokushisa liyathinta ukuqhutshwa kukagesi?

Umbuzo othi, "Ingabe izinga lokushisa liyayithinta i-conductivity?" iphendulwa ngokuqiniseka: Yebo.Izinga lokushisa linomthelela obalulekile, oncike ezintweni ezibonakalayo kukho kokubili ukuhanjiswa kukagesi nokushisayo.Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zobunjiniyela ezibucayi ukusuka ekudluliselweni kwamandla kuye ekusebenzeni kwezinzwa, ukuhlobana kwezinga lokushisa nokuziphatha kukhomba ukusebenza kwengxenye, amamajini asebenza kahle, nokuphepha kokusebenza.

Izinga lokushisa liyithinta kanjani i-conductivity?

Izinga lokushisa lishintsha ukusebenza ngokushintshakalula kanjaniizithwali zokushaja, njengama-electron noma ama-ion, noma ukushisa kuhamba ngento. Umphumela uhlukile kuhlobo ngalunye lwempahla. Nansi indlela esebenza ngayo, njengoba kuchazwe ngokucacile:

1.Izinsimbi: I-conductivity iyancipha ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa

Zonke izinsimbi zisebenza ngama-electron amahhala ageleza kalula emazingeni okushisa avamile. Lapho kushisa, ama-athomu ensimbi adlidliza kakhulu. Lokhu kudlidliza kusebenza njengezithiyo, kuhlakaza ama-electron futhi kubambezele ukugeleza kwawo.

Ikakhulukazi, i-conductivity kagesi neye-thermal yehla kancane kancane njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Eduzane nezinga lokushisa legumbi, i-conductivity ngokuvamile iyehla~0.4% ngokukhuphuka okungu-1°C.Ngokungqubuzanayo,lapho ukwanda kwe-80 ° C kwenzeka,izinsimbi zilahlekelwa25–30%ye-conductivity yabo yasekuqaleni.

Lesi simiso sisetshenziswa kabanzi ekucutshungulweni kwezimboni, isibonelo, izindawo ezishisayo zinciphisa umthamo wamanje ophephile ekufakeni izintambo kanye nokukhipha ukushisa okuphansi ezinhlelweni zokupholisa.

2. Ku-Semiconductors: ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kuyanda ngezinga lokushisa

Ama-semiconductors aqala ngama-electron aboshwe ngokuqinile esakhiweni sezinto ezibonakalayo. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, bambalwa abanganyakaza ukuze baphathe umsinga.Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ukushisa kunikeza ama-electron amandla anele okugqashuka futhi ageleze. Lapho kufudumala, kuba yilapho abathwali beshaja betholakala ngokwengeziwe,kuthuthukisa kakhulu conductivity.

Ngemibandela enembile, i-cI-onductivity ikhuphuka kakhulu, ngokuvamile iphinda kabili njalo ngo-10-15°C kububanzi obujwayelekile.Lokhu kusiza ukusebenza ekufudumaleni okusesilinganisweni kodwa kungabangela izinkinga uma kushisa kakhulu (ukuvuza ngokweqile), isibonelo, ikhompuyutha ingase iphahlazeke uma i-chip eyakhiwe nge-semiconductor ishiselwa ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu.

3. Kuma-Electrolytes (Ama-Liquids noma Ama-Gels Kubhethri): ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kuba ngcono ngokushisa

Abanye abantu bayazibuza ukuthi izinga lokushisa lithinta kanjani isisombululo se-conductivity kagesi, futhi nansi lesi sigaba. Ama-Electrolyte aqhuba ama-ion ahamba exazululeni, kuyilapho ukubanda kwenza uketshezi lube lukhulu futhi lube bushelelezi, okuholela ekuhambeni kancane kwama-ion. Kanye nokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, uketshezi luba ne-viscous encane, ngakho-ke ama-ion ahlakazeka ngokushesha futhi athwale ukushaja kahle kakhulu.

Sekukonke, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kwenyuka ngo-2-3% ngo-1°C kuyilapho yonke into ifinyelela umkhawulo wayo. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-40 ° C, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kwehla ngo-~30%.

Ungathola lesi simiso emhlabeni wangempela, njengamasistimu afana namabhethri ashaja ngokushesha ngokufudumala, kodwa ingozi yokulimala uma ishiselwe ngokweqile.

II. Ingabe izinga lokushisa liyathinta ukuqhutshwa kokushisa?

I-Thermal conductivity, isilinganiso sokuthi ukushisa kuhamba kalula kanjani ezintweni, ngokuvamile kuyehla njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ezintweni eziqinile, nakuba ukuziphatha kuyehluka ngokuya ngesakhiwo sento kanye nendlela ukushisa okuphathwa ngayo.

Ezinsimbi, ukushisa kugeleza ikakhulukazi ngama-electron amahhala. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ama-athomu adlidliza kakhulu, ahlakaze lawa ma-electron futhi aphazamise indlela yawo, okunciphisa ikhono lempahla lokudlulisa ukushisa kahle.

Kuma-insulators e-crystalline, ukushisa kuhamba ngokudlidliza kwe-athomu okwaziwa ngokuthi amaphononi. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu abangela ukuthi lokhu kudlidliza kuqine, okuholela ekungqubuzaneni okuvamile phakathi kwama-athomu kanye nokwehla okucacile kokusebenza kwe-thermal.

Nokho, emagesini kwenzeka okuphambene. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ama-molecule ahamba ngokushesha futhi ashayisane kaningi, edlulisela amandla phakathi kokushayisana ngokuphumelelayo; ngakho-ke, ukwanda kwe-thermal conductivity.

Kuma-polymers noketshezi, ukuthuthukiswa okuncane kuvamile ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Izimo ezifudumele zivumela amaketanga e-molecular ukuthi ahambe ngokukhululeka futhi anciphise i-viscosity, okwenza kube lula ukushisa kudlule ezintweni.

III. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-electrical conductivity ne-thermal

Ingabe kukhona ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-thermal conductivity kanye ne-electrical conductivity? Ungase uzibuze ngalo mbuzo. Empeleni, kukhona ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kokusebenza kukagesi nokushisayo, nokho lokhu kuxhumana kunengqondo ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezinto, njengezinsimbi.

1. Ubudlelwano obuqinile phakathi kokusebenza kukagesi nokushisayo

Ezinsimbi ezihlanzekile (njengethusi, isiliva, negolide), umthetho olula uyasebenza:Uma i-material inhle kakhulu ekuqhubeni ugesi, ibuye ibe yinhle kakhulu ekuqhubeni ukushisa.Lesi simiso siyaqhubeka sisekelwe kumkhuba wokwabelana ngama-electron.

Ezinsimbi, kokubili ugesi nokushisa kuphathwa ngokuyinhloko yizinhlayiya ezifanayo: ama-electron amahhala. Yingakho i-high conductivity kagesi iholela ekuqhubeni okuphezulu kwe-thermal ezimweni ezithile.

Ngobaikagesigeleza,lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage, lawa ma-electron amahhala ahamba aye ohlangothini olulodwa, ephethe ishaji kagesi.

Uma kufikaiukushisaukugeleza, ingxenye eyodwa yensimbi iyashisa kanti enye iyabanda, futhi la ma-electron amahhala afanayo ahamba ngokushesha endaweni eshisayo futhi ashayisane nama-electron ahamba kancane, adlulisele ngokushesha amandla (ukushisa) endaweni ebandayo.

Le ndlela yokwabelana isho ukuthi uma insimbi inama-electron amaningi ahamba phambili (okuyenza ibe i-conductor kagesi enhle kakhulu), lawo ma-electron asebenza "njengezithwali zokushisa," ezichazwe ngokusemthethweniiU-Wiedemann-FranzUmthetho.

2. Ubudlelwano obubuthakathaka phakathi kokusebenza kukagesi nokushisayo

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-electrical conductivity ne-thermal conductivity buthaka ezintweni lapho ukushaja nokushisa kuphathwa izindlela ezahlukene.

IV. Conductivity vs chloride: umehluko omkhulu

Ngenkathi kokubili conductivity kagesi kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-chloride kuyimingcele ebalulekile kuukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi yamanzi, bakala izici ezihlukene ngokuyisisekelo.

I-Conductivity

I-Conductivity isilinganiso sekhono lesixazululo lokudlulisa amandla kagesi. It ulinganisa iukugcwala okuphelele kwawo wonke ama-ion ancibilikileemanzini, okuhlanganisa ama-ion ane-positive (cations) nama-ion ane-negative charged (anions).

Wonke ama-ion, njenge-chloride (Cl^-), i-sodium (Na⁺), i-calcium (Ca²⁺), i-bicarbonate, ne-sulfate, inomthelela ekwenzeni okuphelele mkulinganiswa ngama-microSiemens ngesentimitha (µS/cm) noma ama-milliSiemens ngesentimitha (mS/cm).

I-Conductivity iyinkomba esheshayo, evamilekweIsambaIzinsimbi Ezincibilikisiwe(TDS) kanye nokuhlanzeka kwamanzi sekukonke noma usawoti.

 I-Chloride Concentration (Cl^-)

Ukuhlushwa kwe-chloride isilinganiso esithile kuphela se-anion ye-chloride ekhona esixazululweni.Ikala i-ubukhulu be-chloride ion kuphela(Cl^-) ekhona, evame ukutholakala kusawoti njenge-sodium chloride (NaCl) noma i-calcium chloride (CaCl)₂).

Lesi silinganiso senziwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezithize ezifana ne-titration (isb, indlela ye-Argentometric) noma ama-electrode e-ion-selective (ISEs)ngamamiligremu ilitha ngalinye (mg/L) noma izingxenye ngesigidi (ppm).

Amazinga e-chloride abalulekile ekuhloleni amandla okugqwala ezinhlelweni zezimboni (njengamabhayela noma imibhoshongo yokupholisa) kanye nokuqapha ukungena kukasawoti emanzini okuphuza.

Kafushane nje, i-chloride inomthelela ekuqhubekiseni phambili, kodwa ukuqhutshwa komsebenzi akuqondile ku-chloride.Uma ukuhlushwa kwe-chloride kwanda, ukuqhutshwa okuphelele kuzokwanda.Kodwa-ke, uma i-conductivity ephelele inyuka, kungase kube ngenxa yokwanda kwe-chloride, i-sulfate, i-sodium, nanoma iyiphi inhlanganisela yezinye ion.

Ngakho-ke, i-conductivity isebenza njengethuluzi lokuhlola eliwusizo (isb., uma conductivity iphansi, i-chloride cishe iphansi), kodwa ukuqapha i-chloride ngokuqondile ngezinjongo zokugqwala noma zokulawula, kufanele kusetshenziswe ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali okuhlosiwe.