I-Mastering Measurement: I-Ultimate Guide to Absolute, Relative, kanye ne-Full Scale (%FS) Iphutha

Wake wabheka ishidi lokucaciswa kwaloaingcindeziumthumeli,aukugelezaimitha, nomaainzwa yokushisafuthiubone into yomugqa efana nokuthi “Ukunemba: ±0.5% FS”? Ukucaciswa okuvamile, kodwa kusho ukuthini ngempela ngedatha oyiqoqayo? Ingabe kusho ukuthi konke ukufundwa kungaphakathi kwe-0.5% yenani langempela? Njengoba kubonakala, impendulo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi ukuqonda lobu bunzima kubalulekile kunoma ubani obambe iqhaza kwezobunjiniyela, ukukhiqiza, kanye nesilinganiso sesayensi.

Iphutha liyingxenye engenakugwemeka yomhlaba obonakalayo. Alikho ithuluzi elingenasici. Ukhiye uwukuqonda uhlobo lwephutha, ulilinganise, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi lingaphakathi kwemikhawulo eyamukelekayo yohlelo lwakho lokusebenza oluthile. Lo mhlahlandlela uzokhipha imiqondo ewumongoofukulinganisaiphutha. Iqala ngezincazelo eziyisisekelo bese inwebeka ibe izibonelo ezingokoqobo nezihloko ezibalulekile ezihlobene, ikuguqule usuka kumuntu ovele afunde imininingwane ethile uye kowaqonda ngempela.

 

Liyini Iphutha Lokukala?

Enhliziyweni yakhe,iphutha lokulinganisa umehluko phakathi kwenani elilinganisiwe kanye nenani lalo langempela, langempela. Kucabange njengegebe phakathi komhlaba njengoba ithuluzi lakho liwubona kanye nomhlaba njengoba unjalo ngempela.

Iphutha = Inani Elikaliwe – Inani Langempela.

"Inani Langempela" umqondo wethiyori. Empeleni, inani langempela eliphelele alisoze laziwa ngokuqiniseka okuphelele. Kunalokho, kusetshenziswa inani elivamile leqiniso. Leli inani elinikezwa izinga lokulinganisa noma ithuluzi eliyinkomba elinembe kakhulu (imvamisa izikhathi ezi-4 kuye kweziyi-10 ezinembe kakhulu) kunedivayisi ehlolwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ulinganisa aophethwe ngesandlaingcindeziigeji, “inani leqiniso elivamile” lizotholakala ekunembeni okuphezulu,i-laboratory-gradeingcindeziisilinganisi.

Ukuqonda le zibalo ezilula kuyisinyathelo sokuqala, kodwa ayisho yonke indaba. Iphutha lemilimitha elingu-1 alisho lutho uma likala ubude bepayipi lamamitha angu-100, kodwa liwukwehluleka okuyinhlekelele lapho ukhiqiza ipiston yenjini. Ukuze sithole isithombe esigcwele, sidinga ukuveza leli phutha ngezindlela eziphusile. Yilapho amaphutha aphelele, ahlobene, kanye nereferensi eqala khona ukusebenza.

Ukuqoqwa Kwamaphutha Esilinganiso Avamile Amathathu

Ake sihlukanise izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zokulinganisa nokuxhumana ngephutha lokulinganisa.

1. Iphutha Eliphelele: Ukuchezuka Okungavuthiwe

Iphutha eliphelele liyindlela elula neqondile yephutha. Njengoba kuchazwe kudokhumenti yomthombo, umehluko oqondile phakathi kwesilinganiso nevelu yangempela, evezwa ngamayunithi okulinganisa ngokwawo.

Ifomula:

Isibonelo:

Ukala ukugeleza kwepayipi ngeiqinisoizinga lokugelezaof50 m³/h, kanyelakhoimitha yokugelezauyafunda50.5 m³/h, ngakho iphutha eliphelele ngu-50.5 – 50 = +0.5 m³/h.

Manje, zicabange ukala inqubo ehlukile ngokugeleza kwangempela okungu-500 m³/h, futhi imitha yokugeleza yakho ifundeka ngo-500.5 m³/h. Iphutha eliphelele lisengu-+0.5 m³/h.

Iwusizo nini? Iphutha eliphelele libalulekile ngesikhathi sokulinganisa nokuhlolwa. Isitifiketi sokulinganisa ngokuvamile sizofaka uhlu lokuchezuka okuphelele ezindaweni zokuhlola ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, njengoba isibonelo sibonisa, ayinawo umongo. Iphutha eliphelele elingu-+0.5 m³/h lizwakala libaluleke kakhulu ngenani lokugeleza elincane kunalelo elikhulu. Ukuze siqonde lokho kubaluleka, sidinga iphutha elihlobene.

2. Iphutha Elihlobene: Iphutha Lokuqukethwe

Iphutha elihlobene linikeza umongo ongenalo iphutha eliphelele. Iveza iphutha njengengxenye noma amaphesenti yenani langempela elilinganiswayo. Lokhu kukutshela ukuthi likhulu kangakanani iphutha uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu besilinganiso.

Ifomula:

Isibonelo:

Ake sibuyekeze isibonelo sethu:

Ngokugeleza okungu-50 m³/h: Iphutha Elihlobene = (0.5 m³/h / 50 m³/h) × 100% = 1%

Ngokugeleza okungu-500 m³/h: Iphutha Elihlobene = (0.5 m³/h / 500 m³/h) × 100% = 0.1%

Kungazelelwe, umehluko ucaca nakakhulu. Nakuba iphutha eliphelele belifana kuzo zombili izimo, iphutha elihlobene libonisa ukuthi ukulinganisa bekunembe ngokuphindwe kashumi kusilinganiso sokugeleza esiphansi.

Kungani lokhu kubalulekile? Iphutha elihlobene liyinkomba engcono kakhulu yokusebenza kwensimbi endaweni ethile yokusebenza. Kuyasiza ukuphendula umbuzo othi "Sihle kangakanani lesi silinganiso njengamanje?" Nokho, abakhiqizi bezinsimbi abakwazi ukufaka kuhlu iphutha elihlobene nalo lonke inani okungenzeka ulilinganise. Badinga imethrikhi eyodwa, ethembekile ukuze baqinisekise ukusebenza kwedivayisi yabo kuwo wonke amandla ayo okusebenza. Lowo umsebenzi wephutha lesithenjwa.

3. Iphutha Lereferensi (%FS): Izinga Lemboni

Lokhu ukucaciswa okubona kakhulu kuma-database: ukunemba okushiwo njengephesentiofOkugcweleIsikali (%FS), eyaziwa nangokuthi iphutha lesithenjwa noma iphutha le-spaning. Esikhundleni sokuqhathanisa iphutha eliphelele nenani elilinganisiwe lamanje, liqhathanisa nengqikithi yesikhathi (noma ububanzi) bethuluzi.

Ifomula:

I-Measurement Range (noma i-Span) iwumehluko phakathi kwamanani aphezulu kanye nobuncane ithuluzi eliklanyelwe ukukala.

Isibonelo Esibalulekile: Ukuqonda %FS

Ake sicabange ukuthi uyathengaai-pressure transmitterngeimininingwane elandelayo:

• Ububanzi: 0 kuya ku-200 bar

• Ukunemba: ±0.5% FS

Isinyathelo 1: Bala Iphutha Eliphelele Eliphezulu Elivumelekile.

Okokuqala, sithola iphutha eliphelele leli phesenti elihambisana nalo: iphutha elikhulu eliphelele = 0.5% × (200 ibha – 0 ibha) = 0.005 × 200 ibha = ±1 ibha.

Lesi isibalo esibaluleke kakhulu, esisitshela ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi ingcindezi esiyikalayo, ukufundwa okuvela kuleli thuluzi kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi kungaphakathi kwebha engu-±1 yenani langempela.

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Bona ukuthi Lokhu Kuthinta Kanjani Ukunemba Okuhlobene.

Manje, ake sibone ukuthi lisho ukuthini leli phutha lebha engu-±1 ezindaweni ezihlukene ebangeni:

• Ukulinganisa ukucindezela kwebha engu-100 (50% wobubanzi): Ukufundwa kungaba noma yikuphi ukusuka kubha engu-99 kuye ku-101. Iphutha elihlobene kuleli phuzu lithi (ibha engu-1 / ibha engu-100) × 100% = ±1%.

• Ukulinganisa ukucindezela kwebha engu-20 (10% wobubanzi): Ukufundwa kungase kube noma yikuphi ukusuka kubha engu-19 kuye ku-21. Iphutha elihlobene kuleli phuzu lithi (ibha engu-1 / ibha engu-20) × 100% = ±5%.

• Ukulinganisa ukucindezela kwebha engu-200 (100% wobubanzi): Ukufundwa kungase kube noma yikuphi ukusuka kubha engu-199 ukuya ku-201. Iphutha elihlobene kuleli phuzu lithi (ibha engu-1 / ibha engu-200) × 100% = ±0.5%.

Lokhu kuveza umgomo obalulekile wokwenza izinsimbi ukuthi ukunemba okuhlobene kwethuluzi kungcono kakhulu phezulu kobubanzi bawo futhi kubi kakhulu ngaphansi.

Ukuthatha Okusebenzayo: Ungakhetha Kanjani Ithuluzi Elilungile?

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-%FS nephutha elihlobene bunomthelela omkhulu ekukhetheni ithuluzi.Uma iphutha lereferensi lincane, kuphakama ukunemba kukonke kwethuluzi. Kodwa-ke, ungaphinda uthuthukise ukunemba kokulinganisa kwakho ngokukhetha ibanga elilungile lohlelo lwakho lokusebenza.

Umthetho wegolide wokulinganisa usayizi ukukhetha ithuluzi lapho amanani akho ajwayelekile okusebenza ewela engxenyeni engaphezulu (okungcono, okubili kokuthathu okuphezulu) kwebanga lesilinganiso esigcwele. Ake sikhuphuke nesibonelo:

Cabanga ukuthi inqubo yakho ngokuvamile isebenza ngengcindezi yamabha angu-70, kodwa ingaba neziqongo ezifika kumabha angu-90. Uyacabangelaezimbiliabathumeli, kokubili kunokunemba okungu-±0.5% FS:

• I-Transmitter A: Ibanga elingu-0-500 ibha

• I-Transmitter B: Ibanga elingu-0-100 ibha

Ake sibale iphutha elingaba khona lephoyinti lakho lokusebenza elivamile lebha engu-70:

I-Transmitter A (0-500 ibha):

• Iphutha eliphelele elikhulu = 0.5% × 500 ibha = ±2.5 ibha.

• Kubha engu-70, ukufunda kwakho kungase kuvalwa ngamabha angu-2.5. Iphutha lakho lesihlobo sangempela (2.5 / 70) × 100% ≈ ±3.57%. Leli iphutha elikhulu!

I-Transmitter B (0-100 ibha):

• Iphutha eliphelele elikhulu = 0.5% × 100 ibha = ±0.5 ibha.

• Kubha engu-70, ukufunda kwakho kungase kuvalwa ngamabha angu-0.5 kuphela. Iphutha lakho elihlobene neqiniso lithi (0.5 / 70) × 100% ≈ ±0.71%.

Ngokukhetha ithuluzi elinebanga elifanele "elicindezelwe" lohlelo lwakho lokusebenza, uthuthukise ukunemba kokulinganisa komhlaba wangempela ngengxenye emihlanu, nakuba zombili izisetshenziswa zinesilinganiso sokunemba esifanayo se-"%FS" kumadatha awo edatha.

Ukunemba vs. Ukunemba: Umehluko Obalulekile

Ukuze ulinganise ngokugcwele, umqondo owodwa ubalulekile: umehluko phakathi kokunemba nokunemba. Abantu bavame ukusebenzisa la magama ngokushintshana, kodwa kwezesayensi nobunjiniyela, basho izinto ezihluke kakhulu.

UkunembaisKanjaniukuvala isilinganiso silingana nenani langempela. Ihlobene nephutha eliphelele nelihlobene. Ithuluzi elinembile, ngokwesilinganiso, linikeza ukufundwa okulungile.

UkunembaisKanjanivala izilinganiso eziningi zento efanayo komunye nomunye. Isho ukuphindaphinda noma ukuvumelana kwesilinganiso. Ithuluzi elinembile likunikeza cishe ukufundwa okufanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa lokho kufunda akukona ngempela okulungile.

Nasi isifaniso esiqondiwe:

• Inembe futhi inembe: Wonke amashothi akho ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile maphakathi ne-bullseye. Lona ekahle.

• Inembile kodwa Ayinembile: Wonke amashothi akho ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile ndawonye, ​​kodwa asekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokunxele sethagethi, kude ne-bullseye. Lokhu kubonisa iphutha elihlelekile, elifana nendawo engaqondanga kahle kusibhamu noma inzwa engalinganiswanga kahle. Ithuluzi liyaphindaphindeka kodwa alilungile njalo.

• Inembe kodwa Ayicacile: Amashothi akho ahlakazeke kuyo yonke into eqondiwe, kodwa indawo yawo emaphakathi imaphakathi ne-bullseye. Lokhu kubonisa iphutha elingahleliwe, lapho isilinganiso ngasinye sishintshashintsha ngokungalindelekile.

• Akukhona okunembayo noma okunembayo: Amashothi asakazwa ngokungahleliwe kuyo yonke into eqondiwe, ngaphandle kokuvumelana.

Ithuluzi elinokucaciswa okungu-0.5% kwe-FS lifuna ukunemba kwalo, kuyilapho ukunemba (noma ukuphindaphindwa) kuvame ukufakwa ohlwini njengento yomugqa ohlukile kumininingwane futhi ngokuvamile inombolo encane (engcono) kunokunemba kwayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda ama-nuances wephutha yilokho okuhlukanisa unjiniyela omuhle komkhulu.

Kafushane, iphutha lokulinganisa lidinga ukusuka emicabangweni eyisisekelo iye ekusebenziseni okungokoqobo. Iphutha eliphelele linikeza ukuchezuka okungahluziwe, iphutha elihlobene likubeka kumongo wesilinganiso samanje, futhi iphutha lesithenjwa (%FS) linikeza isiqinisekiso esimisiwe sephutha eliphezulu lethuluzi kubo bonke ububanzi balo. Okubalulekile okuthathwayo ukuthi ukunemba okucacisiwe kwensimbi nokusebenza kwayo komhlaba wangempela akufani.

Ngokuqonda ukuthi iphutha le-%FS eligxilile likuthinta kanjani ukunemba okulinganiselwe kuso sonke isikali, onjiniyela nochwepheshe bangenza izinqumo ezinolwazi. Ukukhetha ithuluzi elinobubanzi obufanele bohlelo lokusebenza kubalulekile njengesilinganiso sokunemba salo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha eqoqiwe iwukubonakaliswa okuthembekile kwezinto ezingokoqobo.

Ngokuzayo lapho ubuyekeza idatha bese ubona isilinganiso sokunemba, uzokwazi kahle ukuthi isho ukuthini. Ungakwazi ukubala umkhawulo wephutha elingase libe khona, uqonde ukuthi lelo phutha lizoyithinta kanjani inqubo yakho ezindaweni zokusebenza ezihlukene, futhi wenze isinqumo esinolwazi esiqinisekisa ukuthi idatha oyiqoqayo ayizona nje izinombolo ezisesikrinini, kodwa ukuboniswa okuthembekile kweqiniso.

Xhumana Nochwepheshe Bethu Bokulinganisa