Imitha Yokuqhuba Ugesi: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wabaqalayo

Esimeni samanje sokulawulwa kwekhwalithi, ukuqapha indawo ezungezile, nokukhiqizwa okukhethekile, ikhono lokuhlola ngokunembile ukwakheka koketshezi libalulekile.I-conductivity kagesi(EC) ime njengepharamitha eyisisekelo, enikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ekuhlanganiseni okuphelele kwezinto ze-ionic ezincibilikisiwe ngaphakathi kwesixazululo. Iimitha conductivity kagesi(EC Meter) iyithuluzi lokuhlaziya elibalulekile elisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa lesi sakhiwo.

Lo mhlahlandlela ophelele uklanyelwe ochwepheshe nabaqalayo ngokufanayo, uhlinzeka ngokuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwezimiso imitha ye-EC, umsebenzi, ukulinganisa, nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasaqalayo bangakwazi ukuhlanganisa ngokuzethemba le nqubo yokulinganisa ebalulekile ekuhambeni komsebenzi wabo.

Okuqukethwe:

1. Yini I-Electrical Conductivity?

2. Yini i-Electric Conductivity Meter?

3. Ithini Isimiso Sokusebenza Semitha Yokuqhutshwa Kogesi?

4. Ikalwani Imitha Yokuhamba Kagesi?

5. Zonke Izinhlobo Zamamitha Okuqhuba Ugesi

6. Ilinganisa Kanjani Imitha Yokuqhutshwa Kogesi?

7. Ukusetshenziswa Okubanzi Kwemitha Yokuqhutshwa Kogesi

8. Uyini Umehluko Phakathi Kwemitha Yokuqhuba Ugesi kanye Nemitha ye-pH?

I. Yini I-Electrical Conductivity?

I-conductivity kagesi(κ) isilinganiso sekhono lento lokudlulisa amandla kagesi. Ezixazululweni ezinamanzi, lokhu kudluliselwa akufinyelelwa ngama-electron amahhala (njengasezinsimbi) kodwa ngokuhamba kwama-ion ancibilikisiwe. Uma usawoti, ama-asidi, noma izisekelo zincibilika emanzini, ahlukana abe ama-cations ashajwe kahle kanye nama-anion ashajwe kabi. Lezi zinhlayiya ezishajiwe zenza kube nekhambi lokuqhuba ugesi.

Ngokuvamile, i-conductivity (σ) ichazwa ngokwezibalo njengokuphindaphinda kokumelana (ρ), okubonisa umthamo wento ethile wokuqhuba amandla kagesi (σ = 1/ρ).

Ukuze uthole izixazululo, i-conductivity incike ngokuqondile ekugxilweni kwe-ion; kalula,ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwama-ion eselula kuholela ngokuqondile ekuqhubeni okuphezulu.

Ngenkathi iyunithi yamazwe ngamazwe ejwayelekile (Iyunithi ye-SI) ye-conductivity ingu-Siemens imitha ngayinye (S/m), ekusebenzeni okungokoqobonjengeukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi yamanzikanye nokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri, amanani ama-micro-Siemens ngesentimitha (µS/cm) noma ama-milli-Siemens ngesentimitha (mS/cm) angu-ejwayelekile futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi.

II. Iyini i-Electrical Conductivity Meter?

An imitha conductivity kagesiiyithuluzi lokuhlaziya elinembile elakhelwe ukukala ukuqhutshwa kwesixazululo, elisebenza ngokusebenzisa inkambu kagesi kanye nokulinganisa ukugeleza kwamanje okuwumphumela.

Ithuluzi ngokuvamile linamayunithi amathathu ayinhloko asebenzayo:

1. Iseli conductivity (probe/electrode):Lena inzwa ethinta isisombululo esiqondisiwe. Iqukethe ama-electrode amabili noma ngaphezulu (ngokuvamile enziwe ngeplatinamu, i-graphite, noma insimbi engagqwali) ahlukaniswe ibanga elingashintshi.

2. Iyunithi yemitha:Lena ingxenye ye-elekthronikhi ekhiqiza i-voltage ye-excitation (AC) futhi icubungule isignali yenzwa.

3. Inzwa yezinga lokushisa:Le ngxenye edingekayo ivame ukuhlanganiswa ku-probe ukuze kulinganiswe izinga lokushisa lesampula lesinxephezelo esinembile.

Imitha ye-EC ihlinzeka ngedatha ebalulekile edingekayo ekulawuleni izinqubo lapho ukugxila kwezinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe kubaluleke kakhulu, njengokuhlanzwa kwamanzi nokukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali.

III. Ithini Isimiso Sokusebenza Semitha Yokuqhutshwa Kogesi?

Umgomo wokulinganisa uncike ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwe-conductance nokumelana, okulamula ngejiyomethri engaguquki. Lapha, ake sihlole izinyathelo zokulinganisa eziyinhloko ndawonye:

1. Isicelo se-AC Voltage:Imitha isebenzisa voltage enembile, eyaziwayo yamanje eshintshashintshayo (AC) kuwo wonke ama-electrode amabili ku-probe, evimbela ukuhlukaniswa nokonakala kwezindawo zama-electrode.

2. Isilinganiso samanje:Imitha ye-conductivity kagesi ikala ubukhulu bamanje (I) obugeleza ngesisombululo, futhi lokhu kwamanje kuhambisana nokugxilwa kwama-ion ahambayo.

3. Isibalo sokuqhuba:I-electrical conductance (G) yesixazululo phakathi kwamapuleti amabili ibalwa kusetshenziswa indlela ehlelwe kabusha yoMthetho ka-Ohm: G = I/V.

4. Ukunqunywa kokwenziwayo:Ukuze uthole i-conductivity ethile (κ), i-conductance elinganisiwe (G) iphindaphindwa ngokuqhubekayo kweseli ye-probe (K): κ = G · K. I-cell constant (K) iyisici esinqunyiwe sejometri esichazwa ibanga (d) phakathi kwama-electrode nendawo yawo esebenzayo (A), K = d/A.

I-Conductivity izwela kakhulu izinga lokushisa; ukukhuphuka okungu-1°C kungakhuphula ukufundwa cishe ngo-2-3%. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela iyaqhathaniseka emhlabeni wonke, wonke amamitha e-EC angochwepheshe asebenzisa i-Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC).

Imitha ibhekisela enani le-conductivity elinganisiwe kuzinga lokushisa elivamile, ngokuvamile elingu-25°C, lisebenzisa i-coefficient yezinga lokushisa echaziwe, iqinisekisa inani elibikiwe linembile kungakhathaliseki izinga lokushisa langempela lesampula phakathi nokulinganisa.

IV. Ikalwa Kanjani Imitha Yokuqhuba Ugesi?

Ngenkathi ukukhishwa okuyisisekelo kwemitha ye-EC kunguI-Electric Conductivity, lokhu kufundwa ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa noma ukulinganisa amanye amapharamitha abalulekile ekhwalithi yamanzi ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo zezimboni:

1. I-Electrical Conductivity (EC):Isilinganiso esiqondile, esibikwe ngo-µS/cm noma mS/cm.

2. Izinsimbi Ezincibilikisiwe Eziphelele (TDS): I-TDSimele isamba esiphelele sezinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe neyunithi ngayinye yevolumu yamanzi, ngokuvamile evezwa ngo-mg/L noma izingxenye ngesigidi (ppm). Njengoba i-EC ihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuqukethwe kwe-ionic (ingxenye enkulu ye-TDS), imitha ye-EC inganikeza inani elilinganiselwe le-TDS lisebenzisa isici sokuguqula (i-TDS Factor), ngokuvamile esisukela ku-0.5 kuya ku-0.7.

3. Usawoti:Ngamanzi anosawoti, amanzi olwandle, nosawoti wezimboni, i-EC iyisicacisi esiyinhloko sosawoti, okuyisamba esiphelele sawo wonke usawoti oncibilikiswe emanzini, ovame ukubikwa ku-PSU (Practical Salinity Units) noma izingxenye zenkulungwane.

V. Zonke Izinhlobo Zamamitha Okuqhuba Ugesi

Amamitha e-EC ekucushweni okuhlukahlukene aklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zokunemba, ukuhamba, nokuqapha okuqhubekayo, futhi naziievamileizinhlobo ze-conductivityamamithalokhozivame ukubonakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezigcawu zezimboni:

VI. Ungalinganisa Kanjani Imitha Yokuhamba Kagesi?

Ukulinganisa okuvamile kuyisibopho ukuze kugcinwe ukunemba nokwethembeka kwanoma iyiphi isistimu yokulinganisa ye-EC. Ukulinganisa kulinganisa impendulo yemitha kumanani aziwayo, iqinisekisa ukungaguquki kweseli (K).

Inqubo Yokulinganisa Ejwayelekile:

1. Ukukhetha Okujwayelekile:Khetha okuqinisekisiweIsixazululo esijwayelekile se-conductivity(isb, izixazululo ze-potassium chloride (KCl) ezinamavelu aziwayo afana no-1413 µS/cm noma 12.88 mS/cm) ezibakaki ibanga lakho lesampula elilindelekile.

2. Ukulungiselela Uphenyo:Hlanza i-electrode kahle ngamanzi e-deionized (DI) bese usebenzisa inani elincane lesisombululo esijwayelekile ukuze ulungise indawo engaphezulu. Yomisa ngephepha elingenalinti; ungasuli ngamandla.

3. Ukulinganisa:Gxilisa uphenyo ngokuphelele esixazululweni esijwayelekile, uqinisekise ukuthi awekho amabhamuza omoya avaleleke eduze kwendawo yama-electrode. Vumela izinga lokushisa lizinze.

4. Ukulungisa:Qalisa umsebenzi wokulinganisa imitha. Idivayisi izofunda ngokuzenzakalela inani elizinzile futhi ilungise ngaphakathi izinhlaka zayo (noma yazise umsebenzisi ukuthi afake inani elaziwayo elijwayelekile).

5. Ukuqinisekisa:Ngomsebenzi onokunemba okuphezulu, qinisekisa ukulinganisa usebenzisa isixazululo esijwayelekile sesibili, esihlukile.

VII. Izicelo Ezibanzi Zemitha Yokuqhutshwa Kogesi

Ukusetshenziswa kokulinganisa kwe-EC kwandile futhi kubucayi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene:

1. Ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi:Ukuqapha ukusebenza kahle kwe-Reverse Osmosis (RO) kanye nezinhlelo ze-deionization. I-conductivity yamanzi acwenge kakhulu isilinganiso esiqondile sekhwalithi yawo (okuphansi µS/cm kukhombisa ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu).

2. Isayensi Yezemvelo:Ukuhlola iyonke impilo kanye nosawoti wemithombo yamanzi emvelo (imifula, amachibi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba), ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengenkomba yokungcoliswa okungaba khona noma ukugeleza kwamaminerali.

3. Ezolimo Nokutshala:Ukulawula i-ukugxila kwesixazululo sezakhiku-hydroponics kanye ne-fertigation. Impilo yezitshalo ixhumene ngqo nezinga le-EC lamanzi okuphakela.

4. Ukulawulwa Kwenqubo Yezimboni:Ukulawula imijikelezo ye-blowdown emibhoshongweni yokupholisa kanye namabhayela ukuze kuvinjelwe isikali nokugqwala ngokugcina ukuhlangana kwezinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo eyamukelekayo.

5. Ukudla Nesiphuzo:Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi, okusetshenziselwa ukukala ukugcwala kwezithako (isb., usawoti kuzixazululo ze-brine noma ukugcwala kwe-asidi eziphuzweni).

VIII. Uyini Umehluko Phakathi Kwemitha Yokuqhuba Ugesi kanye Nemitha ye-pH?

Nakuba kokubili kungamathuluzi abalulekile okuhlaziya uketshezi, imitha ye-EC kanyethepH imithaimisiureizici ezihlukile ngokuyisisekelo zesixazululo:

Ekuhlaziyeni okubanzi kwamanzi, womabili amapharamitha ayadingeka. Isibonelo, ngenkathi ukuhanjiswa okuphezulu kukutshela ukuthi kukhona ama-ion amaningi akhona, i-pH ikutshela ukuthi lawo ma-ion anikela kakhulu ku-acidity noma i-alkalinity.