I-Conductivity: Incazelo|Izibalo|Izilinganiso|Izicelo
I-conductivity kagesiingaphezulu kakhulu komqondo ongabonakali; iwumgogodla oyisisekelo womhlaba wethu oxhumene, inika amandla yonke into buthule kusukela kumishini yakamuva kagesi esandleni sakho kuya kumagridi amakhulu okusabalalisa amandla akhanyisa amadolobha ethu.
Konjiniyela, izazi zefiziksi, nososayensi bezinto ezibonakalayo, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuziphatha kodaba ngokweqiniso, ukuba yingcweti ukuqhuba kahle akuxoxiswana ngakho. Lo mhlahlandlela ojulile awuhlinzeki nje kuphela ngencazelo enembile yokuqhuba kodwa futhi wembula ukubaluleka kwawo okubalulekile, uhlola izici eziwuthonyayo, futhi ugqamisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo okuphambili emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengama-semiconductors, isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, namandla avuselelekayo. Vele uchofoze ukuze uhlole ukuthi ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo esibalulekile kungaluguqula kanjani ulwazi lwakho lomhlaba kagesi.
Okuqukethwe:
2. Izinto Ezinomthelela ekuziphatheni
4. Kukalwa Kanjani Ukusebenza: Izibalo
5. Amathuluzi Asetshenziselwa Ukukala Ukusebenza
Yini i-Conductivity?
I-electrical conductivity (σ) iyisakhiwo somzimba esiyisisekelo esilinganisa umthamo wento esekela ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi.. Empeleni, inquma ukuthi izithwali zokushaja kalula, ikakhulukazi ama-electron amahhala ezinsimbi, zinganqamula into ethile. Lesi sici esibalulekile siyisisekelo esiqinile sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingenakubalwa kusuka kuma-microprocessors kuya kungqalasizinda yamandla kamasipala.
Njengengxenye ehambisanayo ye-conductivity, ukumelana nogesi (ρ) ukuphikiswa kokugeleza kwamanje. Ngakho-ke,ukumelana okuphansi kufanelana ngqo ne-conductivity ephezulu. Iyunithi yamazwe ngamazwe ejwayelekile yalesi silinganiso i-Siemens imitha ngayinye (S/m), nakuba amamilisiemens ngesentimitha (mS/cm) isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kwamakhemikhali nemvelo.
I-Conductivity vs. Resistivity: Conductors vs. Insulators
I-Exceptional conductivity (σ) ichaza izinto ezisetshenziswayo njengezikhondatha, kuyilapho ukuphinyiswa kwe-resisivity (ρ) kuzenza zibe izivikeli ezifanelekile. Ngokuyisisekelo, umehluko omkhulu ekuphatheni kokuphathekayo usuka ekutholakaleni okuhlukile kwezinkampani zokushaja zeselula.
High Conductivity (Amaconductors)
Izinsimbi ezifana nethusi ne-aluminium zibonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yesakhiwo sazo se-athomu, esihlanganisa 'ulwandle' olukhulu lwama-electron agudluka kalula angaboshelwe ngokuqinile kuma-athomu ngamanye. Lesi sakhiwo sibenza babaluleke kakhulu ekufakweni kwezintambo zikagesi, izintambo zokudluliswa kwamandla kagesi, kanye nokulandela umkhondo wesekethe ye-high-frequency.
Uma ulangazelela ukwazi kabanzi ngokuqhutshwa kukagesi, zizwe ukhululekile ukufunda okuthunyelwe okugxile ekudaluleni ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kwazo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo empilweni yakho.
I-Low Conductivity (Ama-Insulators)
Izinto ezifana nerabha, ingilazi, nezitsha zobumba zaziwa ngokuthi ama-insulators. Anama-electron ambalwa noma angekho mahhala, amelana ngokuqinile nokudlula kwamandla kagesi. Lesi sici sibenza babaluleke ngokuphepha, ukuhlukaniswa, nokuvimbela amasekhethi amafushane kuwo wonke amasistimu kagesi.
Izinto Ezinomthelela Wokuziphatha
I-electrical conductivity iyimpahla eyisisekelo, kodwa ngokuphambene nombono oyiphutha ovamile, akuyona into engaguquki. Ikhono lento yokwenza amandla kagesi lingathonywa ngokujulile nangokubikezela okuguquguqukayo kwemvelo kwangaphandle kanye nobunjiniyela bokuqamba obunembayo. Ukuqonda lezi zici kuyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe besimanje bukagesi, izinzwa, namandla:
1. Ukuthi Izinto Zangaphandle Zikuthonya Kanjani Ukusebenza
Indawo eseduze yokokusebenza inamandla okulawula okuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwezithwali zayo zokushaja (imvamisa ama-electron noma izimbobo). Masizihlole kabanzi:
1. Imiphumela Yokushisa: Umthelela Wezinga Lokushisa
Izinga lokushisa mhlawumbe liyi-modifier yendawo yonke yokumelana nogesi kanye ne-conductivity.
Ngobuningi bezinsimbi ezihlanzekile,conductivity kuncipha njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Amandla ashisayo abangela ama-athomu ensimbi (i-crystal lattice) ukuthi adlidlize nge-amplitude enkulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, lokhu kudlidliza kwe-lattice okuqinisiwe (noma amaphononi) kwandisa imvamisa yezenzakalo ezihlakazekayo, kuphazamisa ngempumelelo ukugeleza okushelelayo kwama-electron e-valence. Lesi simo sichaza ukuthi kungani izintambo ezishiswe ngokweqile ziholela ekulahlekeni kwamandla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuma-semiconductors nama-insulators, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kukhula kakhulu ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Amandla ashisayo angeziwe ajabulisa ama-electron asuka ebhendini ye-valence yonkana igebe lebhendi aye ebhendini yokuqhuba, ngaleyo ndlela adale inani elikhulu labathwali beshaja yeselula futhi ehlise ngokuphawulekayo ukumelana.
2. Ukucindezeleka Komshini: Iqhaza Lokucindezela Nokucindezeleka
Ukusebenzisa ukucindezela komshini kungashintsha isikhala se-athomu nesakhiwo sekristalu sento, okubuye kube nomthelela ekusebenzeni, futhi lokhu kuyisenzakalo esibucayi kuzinzwa ze-piezoresistive.
Kwezinye izinto, ingcindezi ecindezelayo iphoqa ama-athomu asondelane, athuthukise ukunqwabelana kwama-electron orbitals futhi enze ukunyakaza kwezithwali zokushaja kube lula, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukusebenza.
Kuzinto ezifana ne-silicon, ukunwebeka (ukuqina okuqinile) noma ukuminyanisa (ubunzima obucindezelayo) kungahlela kabusha amabhendi wamandla e-electron, kuguqule isisindo esisebenzayo nokuhamba kwezithwali zokushaja. Lo mphumela utholakala kumageji obunzima nama-transducer okucindezela.
2. Ukuthi Ukungcola Kukuthinta Kanjani Ukuziphatha
Emkhakheni we-solid-state physics kanye ne-microelectronics, ukulawula okuphelele kuzakhiwo zikagesi kufinyelelwa ngobunjiniyela bokuqamba, ikakhulukazi nge-doping.
I-Doping isethulo esilawulwa kakhulu samanani okulandelela ama-athomu athile okungcola (okuvame ukukalwa ngezingxenye ngesigidi ngasinye) ahlanzwe kakhulu, okokusebenza okuyisisekelo okungaphakathi, okufana ne-silicon noma i-germanium.
Le nqubo ayishintshi nje ukuqhuba; iqondanisa ngokuyisisekelo uhlobo lwenkampani yenethiwekhi nokugxilisa ingqondo ukuze kudale ukuziphatha okubikezelwe, okungafani nogesi okudingekile ekhompyutheni:
I-N-Type Doping (Negative)
Sethula i-elementi enama-electron e-valence amaningi (isb, i-Phosphorus noma i-Arsenic, eno-5) kunomsebenzi womsingathi (isb, i-Silicon, eno-4). I-electron eyengeziwe inikelwa kalula ebhendini yokuqhuba, okwenza i-electron inkathi yokushaja eyinhloko.
I-P-Type Doping (Positive)
Sethula into enama-electron ambalwa e-valence (isb, i-Boron noma i-Gallium, eno-3). Lokhu kudala isikhala se-electron, noma 'imbobo,' esebenza njengesithwali sokushaja esihle.
Ikhono lokulawula ngokunembile ukuqhutshwa kwe-doping injini yeminyaka yedijithali:
Kumadivayisi we-semiconductor, isetshenziselwa ukwakhap-nama-junctions, izifunda ezisebenzayo zama-diode nama-transistors, avumela ukugeleza kwamanje ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela futhi asebenze njengama-elementi ayinhloko okushintsha kuma-Integrated Circuits (ICs).
Kumishini kagesi oshisayo, isilawuli sokuhamba sibalulekile ekulinganiseni isidingo sokuqhuba kahle kukagesi (ukuhambisa ishaje) ekushayeleni okushisayo kwe-thermal (ukugcina izinga lokushisa liphansi) ezintweni ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla nokupholisa.
Ngokombono wokuzwa okuthuthukisiwe, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zingenziwa i-doped noma zilungiswe amakhemikhali ukuze kwakheke ama-chemiresistors, okushintsha kwawo kushintsha kakhulu ekubopheni amagesi athile noma ama-molecule, okwenza isisekelo sezinzwa zamakhemikhali ezizwela kakhulu.
Ukuqonda nokulawula ngokunembile ukusebenza kahle kusabalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe besizukulwane esilandelayo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yesayensi nobunjiniyela.
Amayunithi Wokuqhuba
Iyunithi ye-SI ejwayelekile ye-conductivity yi-Siemens imitha ngayinye (S/m). Nokho, ezilungiselelweni eziningi zezimboni nezaselabhorethri, i-Siemens per centimeter (S/cm) iyiyunithi yesisekelo evame kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi amanani okuqhuba angahlanganisa ama-oda amaningi obukhulu, izilinganiso zivame ukuvezwa kusetshenziswa iziqalo:
1. I-microSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) isetshenziselwa uketshezi lwe-low-conductivity njengamanzi e-deionized noma ahlehlayo e-osmosis (RO).
2. milliSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) ijwayelekile kumanzi kampompi, amanzi okucubungula, noma izixazululo zebrackish(1 mS/cm = 1,000 μS/cm).
3. i-deciSiemens imitha ngayinye (dS/m) ivame ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo futhi ilingana ne-mS/cm (1 dS/m = 1 mS/cm).
Indlela Yokukala Ukuqhutshwa: Izibalo
Aimitha conductivityayilinganisi i-conductivity ngokuqondile. Kunalokho, ikala ukuqhuba (ku-Siemens) bese ibala ukusebenza kusetshenziswa i-sensor-specific Cell Constant (K). Lokhu okungaguquki (okunamayunithi angama-cm-1) iyinto ebonakalayo yejometri yenzwa. Isibalo esiyinhloko sensimbi sithi:
I-Conductivity (S/cm) = Indlela Yokuziphatha Okukaliwe (S) × Iseli Engashintshi (K, ngo-cm⁻¹)
Indlela esetshenziswayo ukuthola lesi silinganiso incike esicelweni. Indlela evame kakhulu ihilela ukuthintana (Potentiometric) izinzwa, ezisebenzisa ama-electrode (ngokuvamile igraphite noma insimbi engagqwali) ezithintana ngqo noketshezi. Idizayini elula ye-electrode engu-2 iyasebenza ezinhlelweni ezisebenza kancane njengamanzi ahlanzekile. Okuthuthuke kakhulu 4-i-electrodeizinzwahlinzekaukunemba okuphezulu kulo lonke uhla olubanzi kakhulu futhi awathinteki kangako emaphutheni asuka ekungcolisweni kwama-electrode okumaphakathi.
Ukuze uthole izixazululo ezinokhahlo, ezonakalisayo, noma ezisebenza kakhulu lapho ama-electrode engangcolisa noma agxumeke, izinzwa ze-inductive (Toroidal) ziqala ukusebenza. Lezi zinzwa ezingathintani nazo zifaka amakhoyili amabili anenxeba enziwe nge-polymer eqinile. Ikhoyili eyodwa ingenisa iluphu yamanje kagesi esixazululweni, futhi ikhoyili yesibili ikala ubukhulu balo msinga, okulingana ngokuqondile nokuhamba koketshezi. Lo mklamo uqine ngokwedlulele njengoba azikho izingxenye zensimbi ezivezwe kule nqubo.
Izilinganiso Zokuziphatha Nezinga Lokushisa
Izilinganiso ze-conductivity zincike kakhulu ezingeni lokushisa. Njengoba izinga lokushisa loketshezi likhuphuka, ama-ion alo ahamba kancane, okubangela ukukhuphuka kwe-conductivity elinganisiwe (ngokuvamile ngo-~2% nge-°C). Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izilinganiso zinembile futhi ziyaqhathaniseka, kufanele zijwayeleke zibe izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lereferensi, elitholakala emhlabeni wonke.25°C.
Amamitha we-conductivity yesimanje enza lokhu kulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo esebenzisa ikuhlanganisiweizinga lokushisainzwa. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC), isebenzisa i-algorithm yokulungisa (njengefomula yomugqaG 25 = G_t/[1+α(T-25)]) ukubika i-conductivity sengathi ikalwa ku-25°C.
Kuphi:
G₂₅= I-Conductivity elungisiwe ku-25°C;
G_t= I-Raw conductivity ilinganiswa ngezinga lokushisa lenquboT;
T= Izinga lokushisa elilinganisiwe lenqubo (ku °C);
i-alpha (alpha)= I-coefficient yezinga lokushisa yesisombululo (isb, 0.0191 noma 1.91%/°C yezixazululo ze-NaCl).
Kala Conductivity ngoMthetho Ohm sika
I-Ohm's Law, isisekelo sesayensi kagesi, inikeza uhlaka olusebenzayo lokulinganisa ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kwempahla (σ). Lesi simisoisungula ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwe-voltage (V), yamanje (I), nokumelana (R). Ngokwelula lo mthetho ukuze ufake i-geometry ebonakalayo yento ephathekayo, ukuqhutshwa kwayo kwangaphakathi kungatholakala.
Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukusebenzisa uMthetho ka-Ohm (R = V/I) kusampula yento ethile. Lokhu kudinga ukuthatha izilinganiso ezimbili ezinembile: i-voltage esetshenziswa kusampula yonkana kanye ne-current egeleza kuyo njengomphumela. Isilinganiso lalawa manani amabili siveza ukumelana kukagesi okuphelele kwesampula. Lokhu ukumelana okubaliwe, nokho, kuqondile kusayizi walelo sampula kanye nokuma. Ukuze wenze leli nani libe ngokwejwayelekile futhi unqume ukuqhutshwa kwemvelo kwento, umuntu kufanele acabangele ubukhulu bayo bomzimba.
Izinto ezimbili ezibucayi zejiyomethri ubude besampula (L) kanye nendawo ye-cross-sectional area (A). Lezi zakhi zihlanganiswa zibe ifomula eyodwa: σ = L / (R^A).
Lesi sibalo sihumusha ngempumelelo impahla elinganisekayo, engaphandle yokumelana ibe yinto eyisisekelo, engaphakathi ye-conductivity. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukunemba kwesibalo sokugcina kuncike ngokuqondile kukhwalithi yedatha yokuqala. Noma yimaphi amaphutha okuhlola ekulinganiseni i-V, I, L, noma A azofaka engozini ukufaneleka kokusebenza okubaliwe.
Amathuluzi Asetshenziselwa Ukukala Ukusebenza
Ekulawulweni kwenqubo yezimboni, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, nokukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, ukuqhutshwa kukagesi akusona nje ukulinganisa okwenziwayo; iyipharamitha yokulawula ebalulekile. Ukuzuza idatha enembile, ephindaphindwayo akuphumi ethuluzini elilodwa, lenjongo yonke. Kunalokho, kudinga ukwakha uhlelo oluphelele, oluhambisanayo lapho ingxenye ngayinye ikhethelwa umsebenzi othile.
Isistimu ye-conductivity eqinile iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: isilawuli (ubuchopho) kanye nenzwa (izinzwa), zombili okufanele zisekelwe ukulinganisa okufanele kanye nesinxephezelo.
1. Umnyombo: Isilawuli Sokuqhuba
Ihabhu elimaphakathi lesistimu nguiku-inthanethiisilawuli conductivity, okwenza okungaphezu nje kokubonisa inani. Lesi silawuli sisebenza “njengengqondo,” ukunika amandla inzwa, ukucubungula isignali eluhlaza, nokwenza idatha ibe usizo. Imisebenzi yayo ebalulekile ihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:
① I-Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC)
I-Conductivity izwela kakhulu izinga lokushisa. Isilawuli sezimboni, njengeI-SUP-TDS210-Bnoma iukunemba okuphezuluSUP-EC8.0, isebenzisa isici sokushisa esihlanganisiwe ukuze ilungise ngokuzenzakalelayo konke okufundwayo kubuyele ezingeni elingu-25°C. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze kube nokunemba.
② Imiphumela kanye nama-alamu
Lawa mayunithi ahumusha ukulinganisa kusignali engu-4-20mA ye-PLC, noma icupha ukudluliselwa kwama-alamu kanye nokulawulwa kwephampu yedosi.
③ Isixhumi esibonakalayo sokulinganisa
Isilawuli sicushwe ngesixhumi esibonakalayo sesofthiwe ukuze senze ukulinganisa okuvamile, okulula.
2. Ukukhetha inzwa yesokudla
Isigaba esibucayi kakhulu ukukhetha okwenzayo mayelana nenzwa (noma i-probe), njengoba ubuchwepheshe bayo kufanele bufane nezakhiwo zoketshezi lwakho. Ukusebenzisa inzwa engalungile kuyimbangela yokuqala yokwehluleka ukulinganisa.
Okwamanzi Ahlanzekile Nezinhlelo ze-RO (Ukusebenza Okuphansi)
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-reverse osmosis, amanzi enziwe i-deionized, noma amanzi okuphakelayo kubhayela, uketshezi luqukethe ama-ion ambalwa kakhulu. Lapha, inzwa ye-electrode conductivity emibili (efanaiI-SUP-TDS7001) ukukhetha okuhletoisilinganisoconductivity amanzi. Idizayini yayo inikeza ukuzwela okuphezulu nokunemba kulawa mazinga aphansi okuqhuba.
Okwenjongo Ejwayelekile Namanzi Angcolile (Ukuziphatha Okuphakathi Nokuya Okuphezulu)
Ezixazululweni ezingcolile, eziqukethe okuqinile okumisiwe noma ezinobubanzi obubanzi bokulinganisa (njengamanzi angcolile, amanzi ampompi, noma ukugadwa kwemvelo), izinzwa zivame ukonakala. Esimweni esinjalo, inzwa ezine-electrode conductivity likeiI-SUP-TDS7002 yisixazululo esiphezulu. Lo mklamo awuthinteki kangako ngokwakhiwa kwezindawo ze-electrode, unikeza ukufundwa okubanzi kakhulu, okuzinzile, nokwethenjelwa kakhulu ezimeni eziguquguqukayo.
Okwamakhemikhali Aqinile nama-Slurries (Aggressive & High Conductivity)
Uma ukala imidiya ehlaselayo, njengama-acids, izisekelo, noma ama-slurries abrasive, ama-electrode ensimbi endabuko azogqwala futhi ahluleke ngokushesha. Isixazululo inzwa engathinteki inductive (toroidal) conductivity likeiI-SUP-TDS6012ima emugqeni. Le nzwa isebenzisa amakhoyili amabili amboziwe ukuze ihehe futhi ilinganise umthamo wamanje oketshezini ngaphandle kwengxenye yenzwa ukuyithinta. Lokhu kuyenza ivikeleke ekugqwaleni, ekungcoleni, nasekuguge.
3. Inqubo: Ukuqinisekisa Ukunemba Kwesikhathi Eside
Ukuthembeka kwesistimu kugcinwa ngenqubo eyodwa ebalulekile: ukulinganisa. Isilawuli nenzwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ithuthuke kangakanani, kufanele ihlolwe ngokumelene ne-aeyaziwayoireferensiisisombululo(izinga le-conductivity) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba. Le nqubo inxephezela nganoma iyiphi inzwa encane yokukhukhuleka noma ukungahambi kahle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isilawuli esihle, njengayeiI-SUP-TDS210-C, yenza lokhu kube inqubo elula, eqhutshwa yimenyu.
Ukuzuza ukukalwa kwe-conductivity okunembile kuyindaba yokuklama kwesistimu ehlakaniphile. Kudinga ukufanisa isilawuli esihlakaniphile esinobuchwepheshe benzwa eyakhelwe uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza oluthile.
Iyiphi impahla engcono kakhulu yokuqhuba ugesi?
Impahla engcono kakhulu yokuqhuba ugesi isiliva elihlanzekile (Ag), eziqhenya ngokuqhutshwa kukagesi okuphezulu kakhulu kwanoma iyiphi into. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zayo eziphezulu kanye nokuthambekela kokungcolisa (i-oxidize) kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo okusabalele. Ekusetshenzisweni okuningi okungokoqobo, ithusi (Cu) iyindinganiso, njengoba inikeza i-conductivity yesibili ehamba phambili ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu futhi i-ductile kakhulu, okwenza ilungele izintambo, izinjini, nama-transformer.
Ngokuphambene, igolide (i-Au), naphezu kokungabizi kahle kakhulu kunokubili isiliva nethusi, libalulekile ku-elekthronikhi ekuxhumeni okuzwelayo, okune-voltage ephansi ngoba inokumelana nokugqwala okuphakeme (ukungena kwamakhemikhali), okuvimbela ukonakala kwesignali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Okokugcina, i-aluminium (Al) isetshenziselwa imigqa yebanga elide, yamandla kagesi aphezulu ngenxa yokuthi isisindo sayo esilula nezindleko eziphansi kunikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile, naphezu kokuhamba kwayo okuphansi ngevolumu uma kuqhathaniswa nethusi.
Izicelo ze-Conductivity
Njengekhono le-intrinsic lento yokudlulisa amandla kagesi, ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kuyisici esiyisisekelo esishayela ubuchwepheshe. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela kungqalasizinda yamandla amakhulu kuya kuma-electronics amancane kanye nokuqapha kwemvelo. Ngezansi izinhlelo zayo ezibalulekile lapho lesi sakhiwo sibalulekile:
Amandla, Ezogesi, Nokukhiqiza
Ukusebenza okuphezulu kuyisisekelo somhlaba wethu kagesi, kuyilapho ukuhanjiswa okulawulwayo kubalulekile ezinqubweni zezimboni.
Ukudluliswa kwamandla kanye nezintambo
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo eziphezulu njengethusi ne-aluminium ziyindinganiso yezintambo zikagesi nezintambo zamandla amabanga amade. Ukumelana kwabo okuphansi kunciphisa I2R (Joule) ukulahlekelwa kokushisisa, ukuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwamandla okuphumelelayo.
Ama-Electronics namaSemiconductors
Ezingeni elincanyana, ukulandela ngomkhondo kuma-Printed Circuit Board (PCBs) nezixhumi zakha izindlela zamasiginali. Kuma-semiconductors, ukuqhutshwa kwe-silicon kwenziwa ngokunembile (i-doped) ukuze kwakhiwe ama-transistors, isisekelo sazo zonke izifunda ezihlanganisiwe zesimanje.
Electrochemistry
Lo mkhakha uncike ekuziphatheni kwe-ionic kwama-electrolyte. Lesi simiso siyinjini yamabhethri, amaseli kaphethiloli, nezinqubo zezimboni ezifana ne-electroplating, ukucwenga insimbi, nokukhiqizwa kwe-chlorine.
Izinto Ezihlanganisiwe
Ama-conductive fillers (njenge-carbon noma imicu yensimbi) yengezwa kuma-polymers ukuze kwakhiwe izinhlanganisela ezinezakhiwo ezithile zikagesi. Lezi zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela i-electromagnetic shielding (EMI) ukuvikela amadivayisi azwelayo kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-electrostatic discharge (ESD) ekukhiqizeni.
Ukuqapha, Ukukala, kanye Nokuxilonga
Isilinganiso se-conductivity sibaluleke kakhulu njengempahla ngokwayo, isebenza njengethuluzi elinamandla lokuhlaziya.
Ikhwalithi Yamanzi kanye Nokuqapha Imvelo
Isilinganiso se-conductivity siyindlela eyinhloko yokuhlola ukuhlanzeka kwamanzi kanye nosawoti. Kusukela kuncibilike izinto eziqinile ze-ionic (I-TDS) ikhuphula ngqo i-conductivity, izinzwa zisetshenziselwa ukuqapha amanzi okuphuza,phathaamanzi angcolileukwelashwa, kanye nokuhlola impilo yomhlabathi kwezolimo.
Ukuxilongwa Kwezokwelapha
Umzimba womuntu usebenza kumasignali we-bioelectrical. Ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha obufana ne-Electrocardiography (ECG) kanye ne-Electroencephalography (EEG) busebenza ngokulinganisa imisinga kagesi emincane eyenziwa ama-ion emzimbeni, okuvumela ukuhlonzwa kwezimo zenhliziyo nezinzwa.
Izinzwa Zokulawula Inqubo
Ngamakhemikhalifuthiukudlaukukhiqiza, izinzwa ze-conductivity zisetshenziselwa ukuqapha izinqubo ngesikhathi sangempela. Angakwazi ukubona izinguquko ekugxiliseni kwawo, akhombe ukuxhumana phakathi koketshezi oluhlukene (isb, kumasistimu asendaweni ehlanzekile), noma axwayise ngokungcola nokungcoliswa.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Q1: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-conductivity kanye ne-resistivity?
A: I-Conductivity (σ) yikhono lempahla lokuvumela amandla kagesi, akalwa nge-Siemens imitha ngayinye (S/m). I-Resistivity (ρ) ikhono layo lokuphikisa okwamanje, likalwa ngamamitha e-Ohm (Ω⋅m). Ziyi-reciprocals yezibalo eziqondile (σ=1/ρ).
Q2: Kungani izinsimbi zine-conductivity ephezulu?
A: Izinsimbi zisebenzisa i-metallic bonding, lapho ama-electron e-valence engaboshiwe kunoma iyiphi i-athomu eyodwa. Lokhu kwakha "ulwandle lwama-electron" olwehlisiwe oluhamba ngokukhululeka ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo, olwenza kalula isimanje lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage.
Q3: Ingabe conductivity ingashintshwa?
IMP: Yebo, i-conductivity izwela kakhulu ezimeni zangaphandle. Izici ezivame kakhulu izinga lokushisa (ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa anciphisa ukuqhutshwa kwezinsimbi kodwa akunyuse emanzini) kanye nokuba khona kokungcola (okuphazamisa ukugeleza kwama-electron ezinsimbi noma ukwengeza ama-ion emanzini).
I-Q4: Yini eyenza izinto ezifana nenjoloba kanye nengilazi yokuvikela kahle?
IMP: Lezi zinto zinamabhondi aqinile e-covalent noma e-ionic lapho wonke ama-electron e-valence abanjwe ngokuqinile. Njengoba engekho ama-electron amahhala ahambayo, awakwazi ukusekela umsinga kagesi. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuba “negebe lebhendi yamandla” elikhulu kakhulu.
Q5: I-conductivity ilinganiswa kanjani emanzini?
A: Imitha ikala i-ionic conductivity kusuka kusawoti oncibilikisiwe. I-probe yayo isebenzisa i-voltage ye-AC emanzini, okubangela ama-ion ancibilikisiwe (njenge-Na+ noma i-Cl−) ukuthi anyakaze futhi akhe umsinga. Imitha ikala lokhu kwamanje, ilungisa izinga lokushisa ngokuzenzakalelayo, futhi isebenzisa “iseli engaguquki” yenzwa ukuze ibike inani lokugcina (ngokuvamile libe ngu-μS/cm).
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-24-2025