Ukuqonda I-Conductivity: Incazelo Nokubaluleka

Isingeniso

I-Conductivity idlala indima ebalulekile ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwethu, kusukela ezintweni zikagesi esizisebenzisa nsuku zonke kuya ekusabalaliseni kukagesi kumagridi kagesi. Ukuqonda ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuziphatha kwezinto kanye nekhono lazo lokudlulisa amandla kagesi. Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula incazelo ye-conductivity, sihlole ukubaluleka kwayo, futhi sihlole ukusetshenziswa kwayo emikhakheni ehlukene.

Yini i-Conductivity?

I-Conductivity isilinganiso sekhono lempahla yokuqhuba ugesi. Kuyimpahla yento enquma ukuthi amandla kagesi angadlula kalula kanjani kuwo. I-Conductivity iyisici esibalulekile sezinto eziningi futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni eyahlukene yesayensi nobunjiniyela.

Ngokuvamile, izinsimbi zingabaqhubi abahle bakagesi ngoba zinenani eliphezulu lama-electron amahhala angakwazi ukuhamba ngempahla. Yingakho ithusi ne-aluminium kuvame ukusetshenziswa ezintambo zikagesi nakwezinye izinhlelo zikagesi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto ezifana nerabha nengilazi azikhondatha kahle zikagesi ngoba azinawo ama-electron amaningi amahhala.

I-conductivity yento ingalinganiswa ngokuphikisana kwayo nogesi. Ukumelana nogesi ukuphikisana nokugeleza kwamandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa into. Ukunciphisa ukumelana, kuyanda ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity. I-conductivity ivamise ukukalwa nge-Siemens imitha ngayinye (S/m) noma ama-millisiemens ngesentimitha (ms/cm).

Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo ezinhlelweni zikagesi, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kubalulekile nakweminye imikhakha efana ne-chemistry, biology, kanye nesayensi yezemvelo. Isibonelo, i-conductivity yamanzi ingasetshenziswa ukunquma ukuhlushwa kosawoti oncibilikisiwe nezinye izinto emanzini. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuqondeni izinga lamanzi kanye nokuqapha izimo zemvelo.

Kunezici eziningi ezingaba nomthelela ekusebenzeni, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, nokuba khona kokungcola noma ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo. Kwezinye izimo, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kungathuthukiswa noma kulawulwe ngokungeza izinto ezithile kokuqukethwe. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-doping futhi kuvame ukusetshenziswa embonini ye-semiconductor ukudala izinto ezinezici ezithile zikagesi.

I-Conductivity iyimpahla ebalulekile yezinto eziningi futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zesayensi nezobunjiniyela. Ukulinganisa nokulawula kwayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni nasekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwamasistimu nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene.

I-Conductivity kanye nama-Electric Conductor

I-Conductivity isilinganiso sekhono lempahla yokuqhuba ugesi. Kuyimpahla ebalulekile emikhakheni eminingi, okuhlanganisa ubunjiniyela bukagesi, isayensi yezinto zokwakha, kanye nefiziksi. Ama-conductor ayizinto ezine-conductivity ephezulu, okusho ukuthi zivumela amandla kagesi ukuba ageleze kalula kuwo.

Ebunjiniyela bukagesi, i-conductivity iyipharamitha ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamasekethe kagesi. Izinto ezine-conductivity ephezulu zisetshenziswa njengama-conductor kagesi, kuyilapho izinto ezine-conductivity ephansi zisetshenziswa njengama-insulators. Amakhondaktha kagesi ajwayelekile kakhulu yizinsimbi ezifana nethusi ne-aluminium, ezinokusebenza okuphezulu ngenxa yama-electron amahhala.

Izinto ezine-conductivity ephansi, njengepulasitiki kanye ne-ceramics, zisetshenziswa njengama-insulators ukuvimbela umbane kagesi ukuthi ungagelezi kuwo. Ama-insulators asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izintambo zikagesi, izakhi ze-elekthronikhi, nezintambo zokudlulisa amandla.

Kusayensi yezinto zokwakha, conductivity iyimpahla ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezintsha. Abacwaningi bahlale befuna izinto ezinokusebenza okuphezulu ukuze zisetshenziswe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwamandla nokuguqulwa, i-electronics, nezinzwa.

Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ezithinta i-conductivity izinga lokushisa. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ukuqhutshwa kwezinto eziningi kuncipha. Lokhu kungenxa yokwanda kokudlidliza okushisayo kwama-athomu ezintweni, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthi ama-electron adlule ezintweni.

Esinye isici esithinta conductivity ukutholakala ukungcola impahla. Ukungcola kungaphazamisa ukuhamba kwama-electron ngokusebenzisa impahla, ukunciphisa ukuqhutshwa kwayo.

Amayunithi Wokukala Wokuqhuba

Amayunithi okulinganisa okwenziwayo ayingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi inqubo yezimboni ebandakanya ukusetshenziswa koketshezi. I-Conductivity isilinganiso sekhono loketshezi ukuqhuba ugesi, futhi iyipharamitha ebalulekile ekunqumeni ikhwalithi nokuhlanzeka koketshezi. Isilinganiso se-conductivity senziwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile aziwa ngokuthi ama-conductivity metres, aklanyelwe ukukala ukuqhutshwa kukagesi koketshezi.

Amayunithi asetshenziswa ukukala conductivity avamise ukuvezwa nge-Siemens imitha ngayinye (S/m) noma i-micro Siemens ngesentimitha (μS/cm). Lawa mayunithi asetshenziselwa ukuveza ukuqhutshwa kukagesi koketshezi, okuyisilinganiso senani lokushaja kagesi okungathwalwa uketshezi. Ukuphakama kwe-conductivity kagesi yoketshezi, amandla ayo okuqhuba ugesi makhulu.

Ngokungeziwe kumayunithi ajwayelekile okulinganisa, amanye amayunithi asetshenziselwa ukuveza i-conductivity. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-millisiemens ngesentimitha (mS/cm), okulingana no-1000 μS/cm, nezinqumo imitha ngalinye (dS/m), elilingana no-10 S/m. Lawa mayunithi asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezithile lapho amayunithi ajwayelekile engase angafaneleki.

Ukukhethwa kwamayunithi wokulinganisa i-conductivity kuncike ekusetshenzisweni okuqondile kanye nezinga elifiswayo lokunemba. Isibonelo, i-micro Siemens ngesentimitha ivame ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zokuhlanza amanzi, kuyilapho i-Siemens imitha ngayinye isetshenziselwa izinqubo zezimboni ezidinga amazinga aphezulu okunemba. Ukukhethwa kwamayunithi nakho kuncike ohlotsheni loketshezi olulinganiswayo, njengoba uketshezi oluhlukene lunamazinga ahlukene okuguquguquka kukagesi.

Amayunithi okulinganisa okwenziwayo ayingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi inqubo yezimboni ebandakanya uketshezi. Ukukhethwa kwamayunithi kuncike kuhlelo lokusebenza oluthile kanye nezinga elifiswayo lokunemba.Amamitha we-Conductivityaklanyelwe ukukala ukuqhutshwa kukagesi koketshezi, futhi amayunithi asetshenziselwa ukuveza ukuqhutshwa komsebenzi ahlanganisa i-Siemens imitha, i-micro Siemens ngesentimitha, ama-millisiemens ngesentimitha, nezinqumo ngemitha.

Izicelo ze-Conductivity

I-Conductivity, ikhono lempahla yokuqhuba ugesi kagesi, inezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Nazi ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile ze-conductivity:

Izintambo zikagesi: I-Conductivity ibalulekile ezinhlelweni zezintambo zikagesi. Izinsimbi ezifana nethusi ne-aluminium, ezaziwa ngokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu, zivame ukusetshenziswa ezintanjeni zikagesi ukuze kudluliselwe kahle ugesi usuka emithonjeni yamandla uye kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene kanye nezinto zikagesi.

I-Electronics: I-Conductivity idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezinto zikagesi. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo, njengezinsimbi nama-semiconductors, zisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezingxenye ezifana namasekhethi ahlanganisiwe, ama-transistors, nezixhumi.

Ukudluliswa kwamandla: Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisezingeni eliphezulu zisetshenziselwa izintambo zokudluliswa kwamandla ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwamandla. Amakhondakta e-Aluminium nawethusi asetshenziswa ezintanjeni zikagesi ezihamba phezulu nasezintanjeni ezingaphansi komhlaba ukuze kudluliswe ugesi ngendlela ephumelelayo ebangeni elide.

Amasistimu Wokushisisa Nokupholisa: Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zisetshenziswa ekushiseni nasekupholiseni izicelo. Izinto zokushisisa zikagesi, njengalezo ezitholakala ezitofini zikagesi, zithembele ezintweni ezinokuguquguquka okuphakeme kukagesi ukuze zikhiqize ukushisa kahle. Ngokufanayo, amasinki okushisa emishini ye-elekthronikhi enziwe ngezinto ezine-conductivity ephezulu yokushisa ukuze kukhishwe ukushisa ngokuphumelelayo.

I-Electrochemistry: Ezinqubweni ze-electrochemical, conductivity ibalulekile kuma-electrolyte. Izisombululo ze-Electrolytic, eziqukethe ama-ion asiza ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi, zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezifana ne-electroplating, amabhethri, ama-fuel cell, kanye ne-electrolysis ngezinjongo ezehlukene zezimboni nezesayensi.

Izinzwa nama-Detectors: I-Conductivity isetshenziswa kuzinzwa nezitholi ukuze kukale izakhiwo zikagesi. Isibonelo, izinzwa ze-conductivity zisetshenziselwa ukuqapha ukuhlanzeka kwamanzi ezindaweni zokuhlanza amanzi futhi zithole izinguquko ekuziphatheni okungase zibonise ukungcola noma ukungcoliswa.

Izicelo Zezokwelapha: Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ukusebenza kahle kuthola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni ezifana nezilinganiso ze-bioelectric kanye nezindlela zokuthwebula zezokwelapha. I-Electrocardiography (ECG), ngokwesibonelo, ikala ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kwenhliziyo ukuxilonga nokuqapha izimo zenhliziyo.

Izinto Ezihlanganisiwe: Izithasiselo ezisebenzayo zisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinto eziyinhlanganisela ukuze kudluliselwe ukuqhutshwa kukagesi. Lezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo zithola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, ezifaka i-aerospace, ezezimoto, nezokwakha, lapho ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kuyadingeka ezinhlelweni ezifana nokuvikela kazibuthe kagesi, ukuchithwa kwe-static, nezinto zokushisisa.

Ukuqapha Imvelo: I-Conductivity isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuqapha imvelo ukuze kuhlolwe izinga lamanzi kanye nosawoti. Amamitha we-conductivity asetshenziselwa ukukala ukuqhutshwa kwamanzi kagesi, ukunikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokwakheka kwawo kanye nokungcola okungase kube khona.

Lezi yizibonelo ezimbalwa zokuthi conductivity isetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukene. Izakhiwo zikagesi eziyingqayizivele zezinto zokuqhuba zinika amandla intuthuko ebanzi yobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqanjwa okusha kuzo zonke izimboni eziningi.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Q1: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-conductivity kanye ne-resistivity?

I-Conductivity ikala ikhono lempahla ukuze iqhube amandla kagesi, kuyilapho ukumelana nokulinganisa kulinganisa ukumelana kwayo nokugeleza kwamanje.

Q2: Kungani izinsimbi zine-conductivity ephezulu?

Izinsimbi zine-conductivity ephezulu ngenxa yobuningi bama-electron amahhala angahamba kalula ngempahla.

Q3: Ingabe conductivity ingashintshwa?

Yebo, i-conductivity ingashintshwa yizici ezifana nezinga lokushisa, ukungcola, kanye nesakhiwo sekristalu sezinto ezibonakalayo.

I-Q4: Yiziphi ezinye ze-insulators ezivamile ezine-conductivity ephansi?

Irabha, ipulasitiki, kanye nengilazi yizibonelo zezinto ezivamile zokuvikela ezinokushisa okuphansi.

Q5: I-conductivity ilinganiswa kanjani emanzini?

I-conductivity emanzini ilinganiswa kusetshenziswa imitha ye-conductivity, enquma ikhono lamanzi ukuqhuba umsinga kagesi.